Sampling different sizes from a Normal and Exponential distribution and looking at outliers. 

This shows how decreasing sample sizes can generate radically decreasing maxima even when drawing from the same distribution.

Plot[PDF[NormalDistribution[0,1],x],{x,0,5},AxesOrigin->{0,0},Filling->Axis,PlotRange->All,PlotStyle->ColorData[81,"ColorList"][[1]]]

Plot[PDF[ExponentialDistribution[1],x],{x,0,5},AxesOrigin->{0,0},Filling->Axis,PlotRange->All,PlotStyle->ColorData[81,"ColorList"][[2]]]

Plot[PDF[LogNormalDistribution[0,1],x],{x,0,5},AxesOrigin->{0,0},Filling->Axis,PlotRange->All,PlotStyle->ColorData[81,"ColorList"][[3]]]

?PDF

2^16

Note the means are different between the exponential and other two distributions.

edtable=Table[RandomVariate[ExponentialDistribution[1],10^i],{i,6,1,-1}]
ndtable=Table[RandomVariate[NormalDistribution[0,1],10^i],{i,6,1,-1}]
ldtable=Table[RandomVariate[LogNormalDistribution[0,1],10^i],{i,6,1,-1}]

Legended[
Show[
ListPlot[
Map[Max,ndtable]/Max[Join[ndtable]],PlotStyle->ColorData[81,"ColorList"][[1]],Joined->True,Mesh->All,AxesLabel->{"Population size","Performance"},ImageSize->600,BaseStyle->{FontSize->13},GridLines->{None,{.2,.4,.6,.8,1}},Ticks->{Table[{i,10^(8-i)},{i,1,7}],{0,.2,.4,.6,.8,1}}
],
ListPlot[Map[Max,edtable]/Max[Join[edtable]],PlotStyle->ColorData[81,"ColorList"][[2]],Joined->True,Mesh->All],
ListPlot[Map[Max,ldtable]/Max[Join[ldtable]],PlotStyle->ColorData[81,"ColorList"][[3]],Joined->True,Mesh->All]],
Placed[PointLegend[{ColorData[81,"ColorList"][[1]],ColorData[81,"ColorList"][[2]],ColorData[81,"ColorList"][[3]]},{"Normal Distribution","Exponential Distribution","Lognormal Distribution"},LegendMarkerSize->14,LabelStyle->{FontFamily->"Gill Sans",16,GrayLevel[0.3]}],{{.25,.25}}]]

Now let’s look at education vs. age in France based on Lee and Lee (2016)

initialData=Drop[Import["/Users/Carl/Dropbox/dev.callingbullshit.org/case_studies/mathematica/france_italy_edu.csv"],{1}]

data=Transpose[{Transpose[initialData][[3]],Transpose[initialData][[5]]}]

ListPlot[
data,PlotStyle->ColorData[81,"ColorList"][[1]],Joined->True,Mesh->All,AxesLabel->{"Age","Mean years education"},ImageSize->600,BaseStyle->{FontSize->13},GridLines->{None,Automatic},Ticks->{Automatic,Automatic}
]

World record 100m times. Bolt was 22 when he set the 2009 record. So calibrating ages appropriately:

times={{9.58 ,2009},{9.69 ,2008},{ 9.74 ,2007},{ 9.77 ,2005},
{ 9.79 ,1999},
{ 9.84,1996},
{ 9.85 ,1994},
{ 9.86,1991},
{9.90,1991},
{ 9.92 ,1988},
{ 9.93 ,1983},
{ 9.95 ,1968},
{10.0 ,1960},
{10.1 ,1956},{10.2,1936}}

10.2/9.58

Relative times are then:

relCohort=Transpose[{2031-Transpose[times][[2]],9.58/Transpose[times][[1]]}]

World records times for age classes

byage={{22,9.58},{35,9.96},{40,9.93},{45,10.72},{50,10.88},{55,11.44},{60,11.7},{65,12.37},{70,12.77},{75,13.49},{80,14.35},{85,15.19},{90,17.53},{95,20.41},{100,23.40}}

relAge=Transpose[{Transpose[byage][[1]],9.58/Transpose[byage][[2]]}]

Legended[
Show[
ListPlot[
relCohort,PlotStyle->ColorData[81,"ColorList"][[1]],Joined->True,Mesh->All,AxesLabel->{"Age","Performance"},ImageSize->600,BaseStyle->{FontSize->13},GridLines->{None,{.2,.4,.6,.8,1}},PlotRange->{0,1},Ticks->{Automatic,{0,.2,.4,.6,.8,1}}
],
ListPlot[relAge,PlotStyle->ColorData[81,"ColorList"][[2]],Joined->True,Mesh->All],
ListPlot[Map[Max,ldtable]/Max[Join[ldtable]],PlotStyle->ColorData[81,"ColorList"][[3]],Joined->True,Mesh->All]],
Placed[PointLegend[{ColorData[81,"ColorList"][[1]],ColorData[81,"ColorList"][[2]]},{"Estimated Cohort Effect","Performance"},LegendMarkerSize->14,LabelStyle->{FontFamily->"Gill Sans",16,GrayLevel[0.3]}],{{.25,.285}}]]

relC2=Transpose[{Transpose[times][[2]],9.58/Transpose[times][[1]]}]

Legended[
Show[
ListPlot[
relCohort,PlotStyle->ColorData[81,"ColorList"][[1]],Joined->True,Mesh->All,AxesLabel->{"Age","Performance"},ImageSize->600,BaseStyle->{FontSize->13},GridLines->{None,{.2,.4,.6,.8,1}},PlotRange->{0,1},Ticks->{Automatic,{0,.2,.4,.6,.8,1}}
],
ListPlot[relAge,PlotStyle->ColorData[81,"ColorList"][[2]],Joined->True,Mesh->All],
ListPlot[Map[Max,ldtable]/Max[Join[ldtable]],PlotStyle->ColorData[81,"ColorList"][[3]],Joined->True,Mesh->All]],
Placed[PointLegend[{ColorData[81,"ColorList"][[1]],ColorData[81,"ColorList"][[2]]},{"Estimated Cohort Effect","Performance"},LegendMarkerSize->14,LabelStyle->{FontFamily->"Gill Sans",16,GrayLevel[0.3]}],{{.25,.285}}]]